Cross pollination of different peony cultivars with 'Feng dan' / Polinização cruzada de diferentes cultivares de peônia com 'Fengdan'

ABSTRACT: Paeonia ostii 'Feng dan' is recommended as a new promising oil crop because of the nutrient elements in its seed; however, the development of this new oil crop is now limited due to its low seed setting rate. This study identified ways to improve the cross pollination of Feng dan as the maternal parent, which has been proved to be a suitable oil crop, so as to improve the seed setting rate of 'Feng dan', and to predict the functional relationship between pollen vigor and seed setting rate. improving the efficiency of cross pollination. Three major steps were conducted, first, to screen the appropriate method of measuring pollen vigor of the paternal parent, which could have a strong relationship with seed setting rate. Second, to obtain the corresponding seed setting rate by cross pollination. Third, the functional relationship between two indexes was founded which could be used in cross pollination practice. Results indicated that the best paternal parents of 'Feng dan' were 'Feng dan' cultivars from other different cultivation populations; The most suitable medium concentration for pollen germination was 100~150 g/L sucrose, 0.06~0.08 g/L boric acid, and 50~200 g/L PEG-6000. Both the seed setting rate and the number of seed grains were positively correlated with the pollen activity, and the seed setting rate was negatively correlated with the local precipitation.

RESUMO: Peonia, Feng dan' (Paeonia ostia) do género Paeonia (o grupo lenhoso) é recomendado como uma nova cultura promissora na produção de óleos, devido aos elementos nutritivos na semente, no entanto, o desenvolvimento desta nova cultura está agora limitado devido às baixas taxas de fixação de sementes. Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar meios de melhorar a polinização cruzada de 'Feng dan' como o parental paterno, por ser uma cultura de óleo adequada, de modo a melhorar as taxas de fixação de sementes de 'Feng dan', e para prever a relação funcional entre o vigor do pólen e as taxas de fixação de sementes para melhorar a eficiência da experiência de polinização. Em primeiro lugar, foram realizados três passos para analisar o método de medição do vigor do pólen do pai paternal, que poderia ter uma relação forte com as taxas de fixação das sementes. Em segundo lugar, obter as taxas de fixação de sementes correspondentes por polinização cruzada. Em terceiro lugar, foi estabelecida a relação funcional entre dois índices que poderiam ser utilizados na prática da polinização cruzada. Os resultados indicaram que os melhores parentais paternos de 'Feng dan' eram cultivares de 'Feng dan' de outras populações de cultivo diferentes. A concentração de meio mais adequada para a germinação do pólen foi 100~150 g/L de sacarose, 0,06~0,08 g/L ácido bórico, e 50~200 g/L PEG-6000. Tanto a taxa de estabelecimento das sementes como o número de sementes foram positivamente correlacionados com a atividade do pólen, e a taxa de estabelecimento das sementes foi negativamente correlacionada com a precipitação local.

Water deficit on germination and vigour in seeds of the Jambu / Déficit hídrico na germinação e vigor de sementes d e jambu

Water availability influences plant metabolism during the various stages of development, especially in the period between germination and seedling emergence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water deficit during the germination process on seeds of A. oleracea. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomised design, with four replications of 50 seeds. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with the first factor consisting of the osmotic potentials (-0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 and distilled water for the potential 0.0 MPa) and the second factor consisting of two lots of seed. The germination test was carried out on substrates moistened with solutions of mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at the various potentials, in a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) germinator at a temperature of 30°C and under constant light. The test was evaluated daily for 14 days, considering the seeds that had a root length equal to or greater than two millimetres as having germinated. The variables under analysis were germination, germination speed index, seedling length and seedling dry weight. The germination process of A. oleracea is compromised at water potentials of -0.2 MPa and -0.4 MPa when submitted to PEG and mannitol respectively. Seeds from Lot 1 were more tolerant to the water deficit than were those from Lot 2.

A disponibilidade de água influencia o metabolismo vegetal nas diversas etapas do desenvolvimento, especialmente no período entre a germinação e a emergência das plântulas. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do déficit hídrico durante o processo de germinação de sementes de A. oleracea. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com o primeiro fator constituído pelos potenciais osmóticos (-0,2; -0,4; -0,6; -0,8 e água destilada para o potencial 0,0 MPa) e o segundo dois lotes de sementes. Para isso, o teste de germinação foi realizado em substratos umedecidos com soluções de manitol e polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000) nos diversos potenciais, em germinador do tipo Biochemical Oxigen Demand (B.O.D.) sob a temperatura de 30 °C e luz constante. O teste foi avaliado diariamente durante 14 dias, sendo considerado como germinadas, as sementes que apresentavam extensão radicular igual ou superior a dois milímetros. As variáveis analisadas foram germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento de plântulas e massa seca de plântulas. O processo germinativo de sementes de A. oleracea é comprometido a partir de potenciais hídricos de -0,2 MPa e -0,4 MPa, quando submetidas ao PEG e manitol respectivamente. As sementes provenientes do lote 1 mostraram-se mais tolerantes ao déficit hídrico que as do lote 2.

Physiological response of seeds of peanut genotypes to water deficiency / Resposta fisiológica de sementes de genótipos de amendoim submetidos a deficiência hídrica

Among the factors that may influence the germination process of seeds, water deficiency is considered the most important. The present study aims to evaluate the physiological response of peanut genotypes to water deficiency. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in a 12 x 7 factorial scheme with 12 peanut genotypes and seven polyethylene glycol 6000 concentrations corresponding to osmotic potentials of 0.00; -0.10; -0.20; -0.40; -0.60; -0.80 and -1.00 MPa. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at a 5% probability level and, when significant, to analysis of variance adjusted to a quadratic polynomial curve. The germination percentage, seed vigor evaluated by the speed germination index, mean germination time, root length and root dry matter of some genotypes were affected by the osmotic potentials. Among the genotypes, there is a differential response related to the water deficiency level. In relation to the physiological response of the seeds, the lineages 506, 599, and 870 and the cultivar IAC Tatu-ST have a higher tolerance of water deficit. The peanut genotypes begin to suffer the effects of water deficiency at the osmotic potential of -0.4 MPa

Entre os fatores externos que podem influenciar o processo germinativo das sementes, a deficiência hídrica é considerada o mais importante. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a resposta fisiológica de sementes de genótipos de amendoim submetidos à deficiência hídrica. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 12 x 7, tendo como tratamentos sementes de 12 genótipos de amendoim submetidos a sete concentrações de polietilenoglicol 6000, nos potenciais osmóticos correspondentes a 0,00; -0,10; -0,20; -0,40; -0,60; -0,80; -1,00 MPa. Constatou-se que os genótipos são afetados pelos potenciais osmóticos e, entre os genótipos, há resposta diferenciada em relação ao nível de deficiência hídrica. Em relação à resposta fisiológica das sementes, as linhagens 506, 599, 870 e a cultivar IAC Tatu-ST possuem maiortolerância à deficiência hídrica. Todos os genótipos de amendoim começam a sofrerem os efeitos da deficiência hídrica a partir do potencial osmótico de -0,4 MPa para a maior parte das características avaliadas

Drought tolerance of four vegetable crops during germination and initial seedling growth / Tolerância de quatro espécies de hortaliças ao déficit hídrico durante a germinação e crescimento inicial das plântulas

Seeds of arugula (Eruca sativa Miller, cv. Cultivada), carrot (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes), eggplant (Solanum melongena L., cv. Embú) and watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. Crimson Sweet] were submitted to different osmotic potentials induced by polyethylene glycol(PEG) with the objective of evaluate the effects of drought stress on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Seeds were distributed in plastic boxes containing blotter paper, soaked with PEG solutions prepared with osmotic potentials 0.0 (control), ­0.2, ­0.4, and ­0.8 MPa and kept into a seed germinator, at 25 °C for 14 days. A completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates of 50 seeds each was used. The results showed that by increasing of the osmotic potential level, germinated seeds number, germination rate index, root and shoot length, shoot and root dry matter, and seedling vigor indices decreased, while mean germination time and root: shoot ratio increased in all four vegetable crops. Additionally, the carrot and watermelon are more susceptible than arugula and eggplant to drought stress, with germination response declining more rapidly with the rise of osmotic potential level. Arugula and eggplant crops tolerate water stress of up to ­0.2 MPa, without reducing germination of the seeds; however, the growth of shoots and roots are inhibited. The germination process of eggplant and watermelon seeds are completely inhibited at ­0.8 MPa osmotic potential, whereas germination of carrot seeds is completely inhibited at ­0.4 MPa osmotic potential. Severe drought stress limits the process of seed germination and initial seedling growth of vegetable crops.

Sementes de rúcula (Eruca sativa Miller, cv. Cultivada), cenoura (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes), berinjela (Solanum melongena L., cv. Embú) e melancia [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. Crimson Sweet] foram submetidas a diferentes potenciais osmóticos simulados com polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do estresse hídrico na germinação e no crescimento inicial das plântulas. As sementes foram distribuídas em caixas plásticas tipo Gerbox® contendo papel mata-borrão, o qual foi umedecido com diferentes soluções de PEG preparadas com quatro níveis de potenciais osmótico [0 (controle); ­0,2; ­0,4; e ­0,8 MPa]. As caixas plásticas foram então mantidas em câmara de germinação à 25 °C por 14 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes cada. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do nível de potencial osmótico da solução reduziu a porcentagem de germinação das sementes, o índice de velocidade de germinação, o comprimentos da parte aérea e da raiz principal, a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes e os índices de vigor das plântulas, enquanto que o tempo médio de germinação e a relação entre a matéria seca da raiz/parte aérea aumentou em todas as quatro espécies de hortaliças. As culturas de cenoura e melancia são mais susceptível que a rúcula e a berinjela ao estresse hídrico, com resposta de germinação declinando mais rapidamente com o aumento do nível de potencial osmótico. A rúcula e a berinjela toleram estresse hídrico de até ­0,2 MPa, sem reduzir o processo de germinação das sementes; no entanto, o crescimento da parte aérea e das raízes são inibidos. O processo de germinação das sementes de berinjela e melancia são completamente inibidos em potencial osmótico de ­0.8 MPa, ao passo que a germinação das sementes de cenoura é completamente inibida em potencial osmótico de ­0.4 MPa. O estresse hídrico severo limita o processo de germinação das sementes e crescimento inicial de plântulas das quatro espécies de hortaliças.

Ultracentrifugation, ExoPerfectTM-MU and PEG6000 for the extraction and identification of seminal plasma exosomes: A comparative study / 医学研究生学报

Objective　No studies have been reported on the comparison of ultracentrifugation, ExoPerfectTM-MU and PEG6000 in extracting seminal plasma exosomes. This article aimed to compare the three methods for the extraction and identification of seminal plasma exosomes. Methods　Semen samples were obtained from 30 healthy donors and randomly divided into three portions, followed by extraction of exosomes from the seminal plasma by ultracentrifugation, ExoPerfectTM-MU, and 8%PEG6000, respectively. The size of the extracted exosomes was measured with the nanoparticle tracking analyzer (NTA), their morphology observed under the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and their protein biomarkers detected by Western blot.　Results　Significantly higher expressions of CD63 and TSG101 were found in the exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation than in those extracted by ExoPerfectTM-MU and 8%PEG6000 (P0.05). Compared with the 8%PEG6000 group, the ultracentrifugation and ExoPerfectTM-MU groups showed significantly higher concentrations ([11.90±1.78] vs [21.20±0.98] and [19.74±1.45]×108/mL, P<0.01) and numbers of seminal plasma exosomes under TEM (4.7±1.7 vs 7.0±1.6 and 6.0±1.6, P< 0.01).　Conclusion　Ultracentrifugation, ExoPerfectTM-MU and 8%PEG6000 are all capable of successful extraction and identification of seminal plasma exosomes, but the former two yield more exosomes, the latter one gives a higher purity, and ExoPerfectTM-MU is simple and convenient in operation.

Study on Preparation and in vitro Dissolution of Ethyl Pepper Solid Dispersion / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the preparation and in vitro dissolution of ethyl pepper solid dispersion. METHODS:Sol-vent-melting method was adopted. Using polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG-6000)as carrier,the effects of different drug-loading ratios (1∶1,1∶5,1∶7,1∶10,1∶15,1∶18,1∶20)on the dissolution of ethyl pepper solid dispersion was invesigated. The stability of crude drug ethyl pepper at 85℃was determined. Furthermore,differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction meth-od were used to identify the existence of ethyl pepper in the solid dispersion. RESULTS:The dissolution of ethyl pepper could be improved by mixing ethyl pepper and PEG-6000 in a ratio of 1∶15,and the preparation was maintained stable at 85 ℃. The drugs part of ethyl pepper-PEG-6000 solid dispersions existed in the form of amorphous or molecular. CONCLUSIONS:The dissolution of ethyl pepper solid dispersion can be improved significantly by mixing ethyl pepper and PEG-6000 (1∶15),and the dispersion keeps stable at 85℃. The study can provide reference for further study of the preparation technology of ethyl pepper preparation.

Investigations of polyethylene glycol mediated ternary molecular inclusion complexes of silymarin with beta cyclodextrins.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Polyethylene glycol and β-cyclodextrin on the solubility and dissolution of silymarin, a poorly water soluble herbal drug. Methodology Effects of beta cyclodextrins and Polyethylene glycol on solubility of silymarin were evaluated by phase solubility studies both separately as well as in combination. Solid inclusion complexes of silymarin –β-cyclodextrin in 1:1 molar ratio were prepared with and without polyethylene glycol by kneading method then evaluated for solubility dissolution and physical nature by XRD, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy studies. Results The aqueous solubility of silymarin was linearly increased as a function of the concentration of β-cyclodextrin alone and in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Beta cyclodextrin formed molecular inclusion complexes with silymarin in1:1 molar ratio as revealed by phase solubility diagram. The ternary complexes of silymarin, β-cyclodextrin and polyethylene glycol demonstrated better dissolution than those of silymarin and its binary complexes with β-cyclodextrin alone. Silymarin - β-cyclodextrin complex caused 1.3 fold increase in the dissolution rate of silymarin, which was further increased up to 1.7 fold in presence of small amount of polyethylene glycol. Conclusion The presence of polyethylene glycol markedly enhances the molecular complexation and solubilizing efficiencies of β-cyclodextrin on silymarin.

Research of forming technology for Chuansu Jiuxin dropping pills / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To research the forming technology of Chuansu Jiuxin dropping pills.Methods The pills were prepared by dropping method.The forming technology of the pills was optimized by single factor test and orthogonal experiment by using the amount of PEG4000 to PEG6000, ratio of drug-matrix ,dropping temperature and speed as factors and with pill weight RSD,the time limit of collapse and appearance quality of the pills as evaluation indexes.Results Using PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 as matrix with the ratio of 4:1 and dimethyl silicone oil(100 mPa· s)as refrigerant at 5~15℃,the optimized parameters for the forming technology were as follows:the ratio of herbal extract to matrix was 1:3,the dropping temperature was at 90 ℃ and the dropping speed was 35 drops per minute,dropping from 4 cm.Conclusion The optimized technology is sample and feasible,and can provide a reference for industrial production of Chuansu Jiuxin dropping pills.

Efeito do condicionamento osmótico e sombreamento na germinação e no crescimento inicial das mudas de angico (Anadenanthera falcata Benth. Speg. ) / Osmotic conditioning and light on seed germination and growth of seedlings Anadenanthera falcata Benth. Speg

Devido à devastação de áreas do Cerrado, muitas espécies nativas encontram-se ameaçadas de extinção e devido à ampla utilização de Anadenanthera falcata, estudos sobre a ecofisiologia da germinação e do crescimento das mudas tornam-se necessários. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico e do sombreamento na germinação e no crescimento inicial de mudas de angico. As sementes foram pré-embebidas em soluções de diferentes concentrações de PEG e KNO3 e incubadas em temperatura de 10°C e 20°C durante 12 e 24 horas. Após estes períodos as sementes foram secas até atingirem os teores iniciais de umidade, sendo posteriormente colocadas para germinar em BOD na temperatura de 20-30°C em regime fotoperiódico de 8h luz e 16h de escuro. O tratamento testemunha e os pré-condicionamentos com KNO3 (-1,0 MPa) e PEG (-1,0 MPa) proporcionaram os melhores resultados de germinação em BOD. As sementes foram semeadas em bandejas e posteriormente transplantadas para embalagens plásticas, permanecendo sob telado coberto com sombrite de 50% e 70% de sombreamento e a pleno sol. Em BOD, os tratamentos de osmo-condicionamento, reduziram de forma negativa a germinação das sementes. Sob sombreamento, as doses avaliadas não influenciaram na emergência do angico, entretanto, sementes tratadas com KNO3 (-1,0 MPa) tiveram maior índice de velocidade de emergência sob pleno sol apresentando melhor desenvolvimento quando mantidas até os 145 dias de idade.

Due to the devastation of the Cerrado areas, many native species are threatened with extinction, and due to the widespread use of Anadenanthera falcata, studies on the ecophysiology of seed germination and seedling growth are necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the priming and shading effects on the germination and early growth of angico seedlings. The seeds were pre-soaked in solutions with different concentrations of PEG and KNO3 and incubated at 10°C and 20°C for 12 and 24 hours. After these periods the seeds were dried until reaching the initial moisture levels, and subsequently incubated in BOD at the temperature of 20-30°C under photoperiods of 8h of light and 16h of dark. The control treatment and pre-conditioning with KNO3 (-1.0 MPa) and PEG (-1.0 MPa) presented the best germination results in BOD. The seeds were sown in trays and then transplanted to plastic packages, remaining in a greenhouse covered with 50% and 70% shading, in full sun. In BOD, the priming treatments decreased the germination of seeds. Under shade, the doses evaluated did not affect the emergence of angico, however, seeds treated with KNO3 (-1.0 MPa) had a greater EVI, in full sun and showed a better development when maintained up to 145 days of age.

Formulation and optimization of solid dispersion of Clopidogrel with PEG 6000.

Clopidogrel, a non competitive inhibitor of adenosine diphosphate at the platelet receptors, is an anticoagulant drug practically insoluble in water. In order to improve the aqueous solubility of drug and its dissolution rate solid dispersions of clopidogrel were prepared with different proportions of the hydrophilic carrier PEG 6000. A two factor three level statistical design was used to quantify the influence of PEG 6000 and Clopidogrel on the dissolution profile of the solid dispersions prepared where PEG 6000 and Clopidogrel were chosen as independent variables while dissolution rate was chosen as dependent variable. Melt fusion method and solvent evaporation method were used for the preparation of solid dispersion. Results obtained showed that there was a significant increase in the dissolution rate of the drug as well as solubility of the drug in comparison to pure drug. Differential scanning calorimetry. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the formation of solid dispersion of the drug with PEG 6000.

Evaluation of Kollidon SR based Ketorolac Tromethamine Loaded Transdermal Film.

The present study concerns the development of polymeric films of Ketorolac tromethamine by solvent casting method to explore the possibilities of using kollidon SR as a transdermal drug delivery system. Ketorolac tromethamine was used as a model drug & incorporated in low doses. The films were prepared by using various amounts of Kollidon SR to prolong the drug release with localized action. Some films were also prepared containing certain percent of PEG-6000 along with the drug & polymer. The prepared polymeric films were evaluated for various parameters like weight uniformity, flatness, % elongation, surface pH, uniformity of drug content, in-vitro dissolution studies. The drug-polymer ratio was found to influence the drug release. The rate of drug release decreased with increased polymer concentration. About 10% increased in polymer concentration causes 50% decreased drug release. All the formulation followed Higuchian kinetics & the mechanism of release was diffusion mediated. When PEG-6000 was used as a channeling agent in this formulation drug release was increased accordingly but higher concentration of PEG-6000 results in decreasing release rate of drug because of increasing viscosity of the matrix channels.

Biorregulador e pré-condicionamento osmótico na germinação de sementes e no crescimento inicial da muda de carobinha (Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença) - Bignoniaceae / Bioregulator and priming on seed germination and initial growth of "carobinha" (Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença - Bignoniaceae) seedlings

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos na emergência das plantas e no crescimento inicial das mudas de Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, as sementes, separadas em claras e escuras, foram submetidas aos tratamentos pré-germinativos: 1) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1); 2) ácido giberélico (GA3) 50 mg L-1, 3) GA3 100 mg L-1 4) GA3 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0,5 kg-1 de sementes; 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0,5 kg-1 de sementes; 7) água 24 horas; 8) testemunha. A semeadura foi realizada em bandejas de células preenchidas com substrato terra + substrato comercial. Os cinco melhores tratamentos foram selecionados para avaliação do crescimento da muda. As plantas com 120 dias de idade provenientes dos seguintes tratamentos: 3) GA 100 mg L-1 4) GA 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0,5 Kg-1 de sementes 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0,5 Kg-1 de sementes e 8) Testemunha, foram transplantadas para embalagens de plástico de 3 Kg com substrato terra + areia + cama-de-frango (1:1:1 - v:v), mantidas em sombreamento de 50 por cento e avaliadas aos 70, 130, 170 e 210 dias após o transplante. Em geral, as sementes claras apresentaram maior germinabilidade e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) em relação às sementes escuras. Entretanto, as plantas provenientes dessas sementes apresentaram menor crescimento do que as plantas provenientes das sementes escuras. No segundo experimento as sementes foram pré-embebidas em solução de: 1) PEG 6000 (-1,0 MPa); 2) PEG 6000 (-1,0 MPa) + KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1,0 MPa); 3) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1,0 MPa); 4) Água e 5) água deionizada, e incubadas em BOD a 10ºC e 20ºC durante 0 (controle), 6, 12 e 24 horas. Após esses períodos elas foram secas em ambiente de laboratório até atingirem a massa apresentada antes do condicionamento e, posteriormente, incubadas em BOD a 20-30ºC com 8 h escuro e 12 h de luz. Os tratamentos pré-germinativos não interferiram na vitalidade e no vigor das sementes osmocondicionadas por até 12 horas. Não houve diferença entre as temperaturas de 10 e 20ºC para germinabilidade (60 por cento) e IVG, porém a temperatura de 10ºC originou plântulas com maior massa fresca (95,7 mg) e comprimento médio de raiz (3,2 cm) e de parte aérea (2,6 cm). O osmocondicionamento por 24 horas causou redução na qualidade das sementes e vigor das plântulas.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of pregerminative treatments on the emergence and initial growth of Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença seedlings. Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, seeds were separated into light and dark seeds and were subjected to the following pregerminative treatments: 1) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1); 2) Gibberellic acid (GA3) 50 mg L-1, 3) GA3 100 mg L-1 4) GA3 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0.5 kg-1 seeds; 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0.5 kg-1 seeds; 7) Water 24h; and 8) Control. The sowing was performed on polystyrene trays filled with land + commercial substrate. The five best treatments were selected to evaluate seedling growth. Plants aged 120 days from treatments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 were transplanted to plastic bags (3kg) filled with land + sand + poultry manure (1:1:1 - v:v), kept under 50 percent shading and evaluated at 70, 130, 170 and 210 days after transplanting. In general, light seeds had higher germinability and germination speed index (GSI) than the dark ones. However, the plants obtained from these seeds had lower growth than plants from dark seeds. In the second experiment, seeds were primed in the solutions: 1) PEG 6000 (-1.0 MPa); 2) PEG 6000 (-1.0 MPa) + KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1.0 MPa); 3) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1.0 MPa); 4) Water; and 5) Deionized water, and incubated in a BOD chamber at 10 and 20ºC for 0 (control), 6, 12 and 24h. Then, seeds were dried at room temperature until reaching the matter presented before priming and incubated in a BOD chamber at 20-30ºC with 8h dark - 12h light. The pregerminative treatments did not interfere with the vitality and vigor of seeds primed for up to 12h. There was no difference between 10 and 20ºC for germinability (60 percent) and GSI. However, the temperature of 10ºC led seedlings to present higher fresh matter (95.7 mg) and mean root (3.2 cm) and shoot (2.6 cm) length. Priming for 24h decreased seed quality and seedling vigor.

Impact of osmotic stress on seed germination and seedling growth in black gram (Phaseolus mungo).

An experiment was conducted to see the impact of osmotic stress as it is one of the main cause in various soil and water disorders in agricultural field crops, specially the seed germination and seedling growth. The osmotic stress was generated using PEG-6000 and the seed germination, seedling growth were evaluated including the status of pigments i.e. chlorophyll (a, b and total), total carotenoids, pheophytin (a, b and total) and different enzymes like amylase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. The various osmotic potentials generated (-2, -5 and -10 bars) showed significant decrease in germination percentage as at the osmotic potential of -10 bars it was observed 70 in comparison to 90% of control. All the seedling growth parameter also showed inhibition with increase in osmotic potential. Increase in osmotic stress decreased Chlorophyll ‘a’, while Chlorophyll ‘b’ was increased in -5 bars while total chlorophyll showed decrease in -5 bars osmotic potential. Total carotenoids and pheophytin (a, b and total) were highly increased in -5 bars and decreased in -10 bars osmotic concentration. Enzymatic activity was found to be decreased in amylase while peroixidase, catalase and SOD were increased at different osmotic gradients in comparison to control. The data observed in the experiment can be helpful to assess the impact of any kind of osmotic stress on plant growth and development in crops.

Partitioning optimization of proteins from Zea mays malt in ATPS PEG 6000/CaCl2

This work aimed to establish the relationship between the compositions and pH of ATPS PEG 6000/CaCl2 and the proteins partition from maize malt and also to simplify the process optimization in ATPS for a statistical model, established by response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that these were no influence of pH on the phase diagrams and on the composition of tie line length of PEG 6000/CaCl2 ATPS. SRM analyses showed that elevated pH and larger tie line length were the best conditions for recovering of maize malt proteins. The maximum partition coefficient by PEG 6000/CaCl2 ATPS was about 4.2 and was achieved in ATPS in a single purification step. The theoretical maximum partition coefficient was between 4.1-4.3. The process was very suitable for continuous aqueous two-phase purification due to the stability of proteins (e.g. and -amylases) and could increase their content into middle.

Este trabalho objetivou encontrar uma relação entre a composição e o pH do sistema bifásico aquoso (SBA) PEG 6000/CaCl2 e a partição de proteínas do malte de milho, e assim simplificando a otimização do processo por um modelo estatístico, estabelecido por metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM). Os resultados mostraram que não houve influência do pH sobre os diagramas de fases e sobre a composição das linhas de amarração do SBA PEG/CaCl2. As analises RSM mostraram que em pH elevado e nas maiores linha de amarração encontra-se a melhor condição para a recuperação das proteínas do malte de milho. O coeficiente de partição máximo foi cerca de 4,2 para uma única etapa de purificação no SBA 6000/CaCl2. O coeficiente de partição máximo encontrado teoricamente esteve entre 4,1-4,3. O processo é adequado para a purificação contínua via sistemas bifásicos aquosos, já que as proteínas do malte (ex: e -amilases) são estáveis e podendo elevar sua concentração no meio.